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The specialization of right/left brain hemisphere (women have more crossover, men use the right more), Behavior and socialization may shape biology and vice versa, -Aggression causes testosterone to be released, not the other way around, Male-centered; the view that men are superior to other animals and to women, The view that one set of cultural beliefs and practices is superior to all others, (Hunting/Gathering) Small, technologically undeveloped societies whose members meet their survival needs by hunting and trapping animals, by fishing (if possible), and by gathering vegetation and other types of food in their surrounding environment; characterized by highly egalitarian gender relations, The process of linking archaeological data with males and females, Female-centered; the view that females are superior to other animals and to men, A pre-industrial society in which the primary economic activity is farming using digging sticks, hoes, and similar technology, A system of social organization and group life centered around mothers, The process by which society's values and norms, including those pertaining to gender, are taught and learned, Social Learning Theories of Socialization, Cognitive Development Theories of Socialization, -learn gender via mental efforts to categorize world, The idea that gender differences are the natural and inevitable products of the inherent biological differences between the sexes, Freud's notion that boys fear their fathers will castrate them because of their sexual attraction to their mothers, The assumption that males and females are fundamentally different from one another, and the practice of using these differences as a central organizing principle for the social life of the society, A central concept of the Freudian-based theory of gender socialization; the process by which boys and girls begin to unconsciously model their behavior after that of their same-sex parent in their efforts to resolve their responsive gender identity complexes, The process by which children imitate the behavior of their same-sex parent, especially if the parent rewards their imitations or is perceived by them to be warm, friendly, or powerful; a central concept of the social learning perspective of gender socialization, Freud's notion of girls' jealousy of the male sex organ, A central principle of social learning theories of gender socialization, which states that a behavior consistently followed by a reward will likely occur again, whereas a behavior followed by a punishment will rarely reoccur, A central concept of the cognitive developmental perspective of gender socialization; a category used to organize and make sense of information and experiences, Ways in which language devalues the members of one sex, The belief the media content mirrors the behaviors, relationship values, and norms most prevalent or dominant in a society, The process by which the meaning or connotations of words are debased over time, Symbolically ignoring, trivializing, or condemning individuals or groups in the media, Sandra Bem's Enculturated Lens Theory of Gender Formation, -Two processes are key to gender acquisition (two and two only), Social relationships between persons of the opposite sex, Social relationships between persons of the same sex (typically men), Punishing/Correcting people when they stray out of the socially accepted behaviors for genders, Practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society and justifies the subordination of women, and other marginalized ways of being a man, Gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine/feminine gender norms, Rare hierarchy, 3-4 girls, no single notion of hegemonic femininity, social manipulation, race and class more important, greater emotional intimacy; various values of femininity, The structure of language determines thought, -3 Types: Finance/Business/Tech, Sports/Hobbies, Lifestyle, Women: more likely to work outside the home, strong/independent, solve own problems/achieve goals, Comprehensive Annenberg Report on Diversity (2015), 40% of Internet users have experienced online harassment. Combined with social history, gender theory applied to historiography and the philosophy of history reconsiders the announced objectivity and standards of the profession as it has evolved since the nineteenth century. Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology that shifts its assumptions, analytic lens, and topical focus away from the male viewpoint and experience toward that of women. When asked about his gender identity … Boys and girls shape their identity in relation to that of their mother. Because boy are biologically different or separate from their mother, they construct their gender identity in contrast to their mother. Key Concepts Queer Theory … Gender schema theory was introduced by psychologist Sandra Bem in 1981 and asserted that children learn about male and female roles from the culture in which they live. gender enculturated lens theory of gender formation bem’s argument: broad cultural beliefs laced into our social institutions shape our ideas, ident, and Feminist theory is broad. A stimulating and tightly argued treatise on how American and Western culture defines gender and uses that definition to make the ``equality of women'' an oxymoron. 2.3 The Burden of Stereotypes in Advocacy and Planning for Gender-responsive Poverty Alleviation 25 2.3 (i) The ‘Feminisation of Poverty’ 25 2.3 (ii) Female-headed Households as the ‘Poorest of the Poor’ 29 SECTION 3 FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH AND POLICY 32 Feminist gender theory followed slightly behind the reemergence of political feminism in the United States and Western Europe during the 1960s. Testosterone, when released in the womb, cau… There is no one feminist theory per se. Social learning theory . Gender schema theory and the BSRI illuminate cultural influences in student self-perception about gender. The first is ``androcentrism,'' the assumption that men's experience is the norm. For example, a child who lives in a very traditional culture might believe that a woman’s role is in the caring and raising of children, while a man’s role is in work and industry. A dedicated gender program was initi-ated in the CCAFS research theme on Knowledge to Action (K2A). Gender as mentioned above results from sociocultural influences. He called this the phallic stage, which occurs between three and six years old. “Psychodynamic” refers to all psychological theories of human functioning and personality and can be traced back to … A Grounded Theory Approach to Exploring the Impact of Machismo on Second-Generation Latina Women's Identity Formation Abstract As the Latino population grows, mental health and social service providers are challenged to meet the needs Why is gender even a thing? R. W. Connell. After illustrating the pervasiveness of these three lenses in both historical and contemporary discourses of Western culture, Bem presents her own theory of how the individual either acquires cultural gender lenses and constructs a conventional gender identity or resists cultural lenses and constructs a gender-subversive identity. This theory sees the role of the family, the mother in particular, as crucial in shaping one’s gender identity. Gender Analysis by new set of Feminist Academics and Implications of Efficiency Approach of WID in the Third World Countries appear in section VII and VIII respectively. Gender studies asks what it means to make gender salient, bringing a critical eye to everything from labor conditions to healthcare access to popular culture. We have networks of information that allow for some data to be more easily assimilated than other data. Based on the belief that individuals are socially constituted by relationships, RCT seeks to understand the complexity behind relationship formation. This operational gender lens often has these characteristics: It is a list of questions, a checklist or a list of criteria. Societies develope and share ways of understanding reality; humans act towards things based on meanings they have assigned to things, Social construction of masculinity/femininity; socially generated attitudes and behaviors, usually organized dichotomously as masculinity and femininity, Social roles that are prescribed for a society's members, depending on their sex, Summary descriptions of masculinity and femininity that are over simplified and generalized, A school of thought that guides a scientist in choosing the problems to be studied, in selecting the methods for studying them, and in explaining what is found, -provides definition of self and situation, -gender systems consist of institutionalized set of social practices, -social cons theory by West and Zimmerman (1987), -inequality and oppression are the result of several forces working hand in hand, A sex/gender system in which men dominate women, and what is considered masculine is more highly valued than what is considered feminine, The ability to impose ones will on others, The biologically determined physical distinctions between males and females, The differential valuing of ones sex over the other, Analysis of gender inequality as rooted not only in the public sphere, but also in the supposedly private sphere of the family and intimate male/female relationships, A group that has organized to promote a particular cause through social action, The scientific study of human societies and cultures and of social behavior, A school of thought that explains gender as being derived from the biological differences between the sexes, especially differences in the reproductive functions, A school of thought that explains gender in terms of the political and socioeconomic structure in which it is constructed and emphasizes the importance of taking collective action to eradicate sexism in sociology as well as in society and to reconstruct gender so that it is neither a harmful nor an oppressive social category, A social movement that spans more than a century of US and European history and that is represented today in most countries of the developing world as well; it is composed of many diverse segments, each committed to eliminating gender oppression as well as other inequalities, -workplace, sexuality, family, reproductive rights, -scientific authority in social world (sex essentialism), One of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes that plays a primary role in determining whether a fertilized egg will develop into a female or a male fetus, The process by which a fetus develops male/female internal and external genetalia, a genetic defect that causes a XY fetus to be unresponsive to the androgens its testes secrete, the specialization of the right and left hemispheres of the brain for different tasks, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) or Andrenogenital syndrom (AGS), A condition occurring prenatally that is caused by a malfunction in the mother's or the fetus's adrenal glands or from the exposure of the mother to a substance that acts on the fetus like an androgen, A condition in which an individual has no or abnormally low 5-alpha-reductase, an enzyme responsible for converting testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, A chromosomal condition in which as individual has three (XXY) chromosomes instead of two (XX,XY), Transformative account of gender development, A theory of gender development that recognizes the truly interactive nature of biology and environment as well as individual agency in the creation of gender by examining how culture and individual behavior may impact biology and physiology and vice versa, A chromosomal condition in which an individual has only one sex chromosome (X) rather than two (XX,XY), When an individual has a combination of chromosomal, hormonal, genital, and/or gonadal characteristics inconsistent with the male/female dichotomy (intersex, NOT transgender), The group of hormones thought to be responsible for masculinization during fetal development (Testosterone, MIS, DHT). 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