Results of the American presidential election, 1860, How the Dred Scott Decision Affected the U.S. Election of 1860, United States: Secession and the politics of the Civil War, 1860–65. On April 20, 1860, the party held what it termed a national convention to nominate Houston for president on the San Jacinto Battlefield in Texas. A wealthy slaveowner from Tennessee who served in both the House and the Senate, he ran for U.S. President against Lincoln, Breckinridge, and Douglas in 1860 with the Constitutional Union Party on a moderate pro-slavery platform. But what he had in policy he lacked in charisma and political acumen. Moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court.[40]. He had been quietly eyeing a run since the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858, ensuring that the debates were widely published, and that a biography of himself was published. Voter turnout was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that time, and the second-highest overall (exceeded only in the election of 1876). John McCain. RepublicanAbraham Lincoln captured less than 40 percent of the vote but won a majority in the electoral college (180 electoral votes) by dominating in the North and the Pacific Coast to become president. Stephen Arnold Douglas: This Biography of the Man Who Ran Against Lincoln in the 1860 Election by Brown, William Garrott available in Hardcover on Powells.com, also read synopsis and reviews. Who ran for presidential as a republican in 1860 A. stephen Douglas B. Abraham Lincoln C. jefferson Davis D. john C. Breckinridge Delegates were in attendance from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. States where the margin of victory was under 1%: States where the margin of victory was under 5%: States where the margin of victory was under 10%: Lincoln's victory and imminent inauguration as president was the immediate cause for declarations of secession by seven Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) from 20 December 1860 to 1 February 1861. Following on the heels of the Dred Scott decision of 1857, in which the U.S. Supreme Court voided the Missouri Compromise (1820), thus making slavery legal in all U.S. territories, the election of 1860 was sure to further expose sectional differences between those, especially (but not solely) in the North, who wanted to abolish slavery and those who sought to protect the institution. In most of Virginia, no publisher would print ballots for Lincoln's pledged electors. As a supporter of President Abraham Lincoln, ... Seymour had vetoed the initial bill to establish mail-in voting and would go on to run against Ulysses … That was a compromise position, a practical stance in the 1858 senate campaign. (The noted secessionist William Lowndes Yancey, speaking at New York's Cooper Institute in October 1860, asserted that with abolitionists in power, "Emissaries will percolate between master [and] slave as water between the crevices of rocks underground. Economically, culturally, and politically, the South was made up of three regions. By 1860, very little remained of the Liberty Party, after most of its membership left to join the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly all of what remained of it joined the Republicans in 1854. Representatives: 1932 to 2010", United States presidential election of 1860, 1860 election: State-by-state Popular vote results, United States Presidential Election of 1860 in, Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts, 1860, Overview of Constitutional Union National Convention, Presidential Election of 1860: A Resource Guide, Bill Bigelow, "The Election of 1860 Role Play", elections in which the winner lost the popular vote, Notable third party performances in United States elections, South Carolina 1954 (Democratic Write-In), Third party officeholders in the United States, Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1860_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=999126219, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Pages using bar box without float left or float right, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Abraham Lincoln, former representative from Illinois, Edward Bates, former representative from Missouri, John McLean, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, William L. Dayton, former senator from New Jersey, James Guthrie, former treasury secretary from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, senator from Virginia, Daniel S. Dickinson, former senator from New York, John C. Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States, Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi, John J. Crittenden, senator from Kentucky, Edward Everett, former senator from Massachusetts, William A. Graham, former senator from North Carolina, William C. Rives, former senator from Virginia, Gerrit Smith, former representative from New York. Lincoln received a thunderous ovation, surpassing the expectations of him and his political allies. 4 5. wichitaor1. His support was the most widespread geographically; he finished second behind Lincoln in the popular vote with 29.52%, but last in the Electoral College. [20][21], In their campaigning, Bell and Douglas both claimed that disunion would not necessarily follow a Lincoln election. The two parties controlled Congress for almost equal periods, though the Democrats held the presidency only during the two terms of Grover Cleveland (1885–89 and 1893–97). Lincoln did not attend the convention in person, and left the task of delegate wrangling to several close friends. Decredico, Mary A. Douglas was the only candidate who won electoral votes in both slave and free states (free New Jersey and slave Missouri). Stephan A. Douglas, "The little giant" , was the incumbent senator from Illinois who defeated Republican Lincoln in 1858. Who did Abe Lincoln run against in 1860? Texas was the only Middle South state that Breckinridge carried convincingly. Participation in Elections for President and U.S. Some key differences between modern elections and the those of the mid-nineteenth century are that at the time, not only was there was no secret ballot anywhere in the United States, but the state did not print and distribute ballots. (He also reiterated his opposition to slavery anywhere in the territories.) ... 1832: Ran for state legislature – lost. 2000? The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions. For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1856. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge for president, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for vice president. The Virginia convention and the reconvened Arkansas convention both declared secession, as did the legislatures of Tennessee and North Carolina; all four states joined the Confederacy. Retrieved July 27, 2005. [26][27] Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of the votes Lincoln received were cast in border counties of what would soon become West Virginia – the future state accounted for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes. Despite four main candidates (and Douglas’s forays into the South), the contests in the states were sectionally fought, with Douglas and Lincoln dominant in the North and Breckinridge and Bell dueling for support in the South. Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge of the Southern Democrats, and John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party ran all against Lincoln in 1860. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois was the candidate of the generally antislavery Republican Party. At most, a single opponent nationwide would have deprived Lincoln of only California, Oregon, and four New Jersey electors,[35] whose combined total of eleven electoral votes would have made no difference to the result since every other state won by the Republicans was won by a clear majority of the vote: in this scenario, Lincoln would have received 169 electoral votes, 17 more than the 152 required to win. Nonetheless, loyal army officers in Virginia, Kansas and South Carolina warned Lincoln of military preparations to the contrary. It was that group that prevented immediate secession in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas when Lincoln's simple question caught Douglas in a dilemma. Eventually, the state party worked out an agreement: if either candidate could win the national election with Pennsylvania's electoral vote, then all her electoral votes would go to that candidate. In a four-way contest, the Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin emerged triumphant. Lincoln's combination of a moderate stance on slavery, long support for economic issues, his western origins, and strong oratory proved to be exactly what the delegates wanted in a president. Not all of the Douglas supporters agreed to the Reading slate deal and established a separate Douglas only ticket. It was held on November 6, 1860. Unable to nominate a candidate (Sen. Stephen A. Douglas received a majority of the delegates’ support but could not amass the required two-thirds majority needed for nomination), Democrats held a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18–23, though many of the Southern delegates failed to attend. "1860 Presidential Election Results". This vote is listed under the Fusion column, not the Breckinridge column as many other sources do, because this ticket was pledged to either of two candidates based on the national result. After his nomination, Lincoln put aside his law practice and ran a stay-at-home campaign, in which he made no stump speeches, though he did give full time to the direction of his campaign. Douglas won that election. So it did at the Illinois state convention, a week before the national convention. Answer: 1 question Who ran for president as a republican in 1860? Douglas said he believed a new state could prohibit enslavement. Answer Save. Bell carried three slave states (Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia) and lost Maryland by only 722 votes. The standoff continued until mid-April, when Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered Confederate troops to bombard and capture Fort Sumter. The building had been the First Presbyterian Meeting House (Two Towers Church) on Fayette Street, between Calvert and North Street, demolished before 1866 and occupied by the United States Courthouse. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Edward Everett was nominated for vice-president at the convention on May 9, 1860, one week before Lincoln. The slate of electors were pledged to 3 different candidates: 18 to Douglas, 10 to Bell, and 7 to Breckinridge. To overcome his disadvantage, Lincoln adopted an unobtrusive publicity campaign. The incumbent president, James Buchanan, like his predecessor, Franklin Pierce, was a Northern Democrat with sympathies for the South. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Millard Fillmore administration. Breckinridge, with 18 percent of the national vote, garnered 72 electoral votes, winning most of the states in the South as well as Delaware and Maryland. The Fusion vote used here is the vote for the high elector on the slate, who was pledged to Douglas. On election day Lincoln captured slightly less than 40 percent of the vote, but he won a majority in the electoral college, with 180 electoral votes, by sweeping the North (with the exception of New Jersey, which he split with Douglas) and also winning the Pacific Coast states of California and Oregon. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined (except South Carolina and Florida, who had stayed in Richmond). Outside his regional section, Douglas took 15 to 17% of the popular vote total in the slave states of Kentucky, Alabama, and Louisiana, then 10 percent or less in the nine remaining slave states. But the seven Lincoln-Douglas Debates they held across Illinois were mentioned in newspapers around the country, raising Lincoln’s political profile. Lincoln’s administration, divested of Legislative power, cannot injure the South, if so disposed." In the midst of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212–21 in the electoral college, with 55% of the popular vote. Four men ran for president in 1860: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, John Bell, and John Breckinridge. In the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies, ballots for Lincoln were cast only in Virginia,[nb 3] stephen douglas abraham lincoln jefferson davis john c. breckinridge - the answers to estudyassistant.com On the 57th ballot, with Douglas was still ahead, but 51½ votes short of the nomination, the exhausted and desparate delegates agreed on May 3 to cease voting and adjourn the convention. [3], As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that frontrunners Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. On a second ballot the gap between Seward and Lincoln narrowed, and Lincoln was subsequently nominated on the third ballot. At the Democratic National Convention held in Institute Hall in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1860, 50 Southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute, led by the extreme pro-slavery "Fire-Eater" William Lowndes Yancey and the Alabama delegation: following them were the entire delegations of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware. Breckinridge received very little support in the free states, showing some strength only in California, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Connecticut. The senatorial campaign featured a remarkable series of public encounters on the slavery issue, known as the Lincoln-Douglas debates, in which Lincoln argued against the spread of slavery, while Douglas maintained that each territory should have the right to decide whether it would become free or slave. In the "Middle" South states, there was a unionist majority divided between Douglas and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee; in North Carolina and Arkansas, the unionist (Bell and Douglas) vote approached a majority. Speeches, Address, Resolutions, Music, Fireworks, Guns, and Fun", "Letter from Sam Houston Withdrawing from the Canvass", "1860 Election Returns in Virginia, by County", "Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections: 1828–2008", "Table 397. Nonetheless, different electors appeared in some counties for Breckinridge and Bell, resulting in lower totals for them and a split electoral outcome. Nearly all "conditional Unionists" joined the secessionists. He withdrew from the race on August 16, and urged the formation of a Unified "Union" ticket in opposition to Lincoln. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored "popular sovereignty", was ahead on the first ballot, but was 56½ votes short of the secure the nomination. In the four states of New York, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey where anti-Lincoln votes were combined into fusion tickets, Lincoln still won three and split New Jersey:[36] despite this, a shift of 25,000 votes to the fusion ticket in New York would have left Lincoln with 145 electoral votes - seven votes short of winning the Electoral College - and forced a contingent election in the House of Representatives. He had just started his second term when he was assassinated in April of 1865. Lincoln, a Kentucky-born lawyer and former Whig representative to Congress, first gained national stature during his campaign against Stephen Douglas of Illinois for a U.S. Senate seat in 1858. The election of Lincoln led to the secession of seven states in the South before the inauguration and the outright secession of four more (plus the partial secession of two others) once the Civil War began with the Battle of Fort Sumter. Nevertheless, he finished a remarkable second in all slave states won by Breckinridge or Douglas. However, the "conditional Unionists" also hoped that when faced with secession, Northerners would stifle anti-slavery rhetoric and accept pro-slavery rules for the territories. Introduction. He also was firmly opposed to nativism, which further weakened his position. Additionally, the slate was almost equally divided between the supporters of Breckinridge and Douglas. Lincoln won the second-lowest share of the popular vote among all winning presidential candidates in U.S. Lincoln's main opponent in the North was Douglas, who finished second in several states but won only the slave state of Missouri and three electors from the free state of New Jersey. Afterwards, Lincoln was in much demand for speaking engagements. [11][15], John Bell was a former Whig who had opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Lecompton Constitution. Question: Who ran for president as a Republican in 1860? In the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln ran against the Southern Democratic candidate John C. Breckinridge, Northern Democratic candidate Stephen Douglas and Constitutional Union candidate John Bell and, in the 1864 election, he ran against Democratic candidate George B. McClellan. Former Representative Abraham Lincolnfrom Illinois, Former Representative Edward Bates from Missouri, Former Senator William L. Dayton from New Jersey, The Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860, after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. Lincoln's election served as the primary catalyst of the American Civil War. Election poster, campaign of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, 1860, lithograph. They could no longer tolerate Northern state attitudes that regarded slave ownership as a great sin and Northern politicians who insisted on stopping the spread of slavery.[47][48][49]. Source (Electoral Vote): "Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996". When the convention seated two replacement delegations on June 18, they walked out again or boycotted the convention, accompanied by nearly all other Southern delegates and erstwhile Convention chair Caleb Cushing, a New Englander and former member of Franklin Pierce's cabinet. The remaining party was also called the Radical Abolitionists. Bell won three Southern states, and Breckinridge swept the remainder of the South. Secessionists threw their support behind Breckinridge in an attempt either to force the anti-Republican candidates to coordinate their electoral votes or throw the election into the House of Representatives, where the selection of the president would be made by the representatives elected in 1858, before the Republican majorities in both House and Senate achieved in 1860 were seated in the new 37th Congress. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? [3][5] Senator Hannibal Hamlin from Maine was nominated for vice-president, defeating Cassius M. Clay. Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57. The 1860 United States presidential election was the 19th quadrennial presidential election. [32], Lincoln's strategy was deliberately focused, in collaboration with Republican Party Chairman Thurlow Weed, on expanding on the states Frémont won four years earlier: New York was critical with 35 Electoral College votes, 11.5 percent of the total, and with Pennsylvania (27) and Ohio (23) as well, a candidate could collect 85 votes, whereas 152 were required to win. Both Douglas and Breckinridge claimed to be the official Democratic candidates. This was often referred to as the Reading electoral slate, because it was in that city that the state party chose it. Its platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the Southern states but opposed the further extension of slavery into the Western territories. During the mid-to-late 1850s, the antislavery Republican Party became a major political force in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court's decision in the 1857 case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. 13 Answers. Sen. Hannibal Hamlin of Maine was nominated as Lincoln’s running mate. His “main object,” he had written, was to “hedge against divisions in the Republican ranks,” and he counseled party workers to “say nothing on points where it is probable we shall disagree.” With Republicans united, and with division within the Democratic Party and surrounding Bell’s candidacy, the primary fear that Republicans had was that some disunity might appear and hamper their chances. McClellan was the "peace candidate" but did not personally believe in his party's platform. Baltimore's Institute Hall, not be confused with Charleston's Institute Hall also used by the walk-out delegations. Who ran against Lincoln in 1864? [citation needed] The election would now pit Lincoln against his longtime political rival, whom Lincoln had lost to in the Illinois senate race just two years earlier. Thus 12 electoral candidates appeared on 2 tickets, Reading and Straight Douglas. The party, which had formed only in the 1850s, was largely opposed to the extension of slavery in the U.S. territories. The 1860 Constitutional Union Convention nominated a ticket led by former Senator John Bell of Tennessee. In theory, any document containing a valid or at least non-excessive number names of citizens of a particular state (provided they were eligible to vote in the electoral college within that state) might have been accepted as a valid presidential ballot, however what this meant in practice was that a candidate's campaign was responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots (this service was typically done by supportive newspaper publishers). The 1864 election occurred during the Civil War; none of the states loyal to the Confederate States of America participated. where he received 1,929 votes (1.15 percent of the total). Douglas won nearly 30 percent of the vote but won only Missouri’s 12 electoral votes. With the Democrats in disarray and a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans felt confident going into their convention in Chicago. Stephen Arnold Douglas: This Biography of the Man Who Ran Against Lincoln in the 1860 Election: Brown, William Garrott: Amazon.com.tr Missouri convened a secession convention, which voted against secession and adjourned permanently. Within the fifteen slave states, Lincoln won only two counties out of 996, Missouri's St. Louis and Gasconade Counties. In late … The new party's members hoped to stave off Southern secession by avoiding the slavery issue. The party platform advocated compromise to save the Union with the slogan "The Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is. [citation needed], Indeed, voting in the South was not as monolithic as the Electoral College map would make it seem. Lincoln then called for troops to put down rebellion, which wiped out the possibility that the crisis could be resolved by compromise. Seward had (undeservingly) been painted as a radical, and his speeches on slavery predicted inevitable conflict, which spooked moderate delegates. 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