Plant Physiol. Soc. Planta 217, 252–260. Biotechnol. Plant Physiol. In the secondary growth phase of cotton fibers, cellulose synthesis can increase 100-fold relative to the elongation phase (Delmer, 1999) and this process probably involves SusC and SusA (Brill et al., 2011). Proc. (2008). Acad. Z., Shen, Y. Y., and Guo, J. X. 1, 426–438. Distribution of callose synthase, cellulose synthase, and sucrose synthase in tobacco pollen tube is controlled in dissimilar ways by actin filaments and microtubules. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900188106, Counce, P. A., and Gravois, K. A. In cucumber, antisense suppression of CsSUS3 led to increased sensitivity to hypoxic stress (Wang et al., 2014). Overall, the data suggest that SuSy might be important for sink strength, especially in starch-accumulating organs, although that role is probably not conserved in all plants. The tetrameric structure of plant SuSy was confirmed by the determination of the structure of Arabidopsis AtSUS1 by X-ray crystallography (Zheng et al., 2011). 34, 837–846. (1995) concluded that SuSy is not a transmembrane protein because it was not partitioned into triton X-114. Pronounced phenotypic changes in transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sucrose synthase may reveal a novel sugar signaling pathway. 2, 410–418. It can then enter the sink cells via Suc transporters or hydrolyzed by cell-wall invertase (cwINV) to yield glucose (Glc) and fructose (Fru), which can enter the sink cells via hexose transporters (Ruan, 2014). G1P is then converted into ADP-G, in a reaction catalyzed by ADP-G pyrophosphorylase (AGPase). Isolation and sequences of rice sucrose synthase cDNA and genomic DNA. Structure, expression profile, and evolution of the sucrose synthase gene family in peach (Prunus persica). Overexpression of poplar xylem sucrose synthase in tobacco leads to a thickened cell wall and increased height. accumulation and turnover in sucrose storers and other plants. Sucrose and starch are products of two physically separated gluconeogenic pathways, sucrose in the cytosol and starch in the chloroplast. Four carbohydrates, D-glucose. That SuSy exhibited optimum activity at 37°C and was stable at temperatures up to 50°C (Verma et al., 2018), unlike other SuSy proteins, whose stability decreases at temperatures above 30°C (Schmolzer et al., 2016). The second site is also a serine, at around position 170, and is thought to regulate protein degradation (Hardin et al., 2003). J. Chin. Plant Physiol. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.39.060188.002035, Huang, D. Y., and Wang, A. Y. doi: 10.1023/A:1010615027986. Sci. The expression of the SUS3 gene was found to be higher in the resistant line under heat stress. Plant Physiol. Rapid cell expansion and cellulose synthesis regulated by plasmodesmata and sugar: insights from the single-celled cotton fibre. 49, 1621–1626. Plant SuSy enzymes have been shown to be involved in several different metabolic pathways, such as those for starch, callose and cellulose synthesis, and to play developmental and possibly signaling roles in sink carbohydrate flux, vascular tissues and meristem functioning. In situ hybridization also revealed the presence of SUS transcript in young maize leaf primordia, suggesting a role for SuSy in early leaf development (Hanggi and Fleming, 2001). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900689106, Baud, S., Vaultier, M. N., and Rochat, C. (2004). Although plant SuSy proteins have been the subject of intensive study, we are still faced with major gaps in our understanding of the functions of these enzymes. Biochem. None of those mutants exhibit any significant phenotype that suggesting redundancy between the different clades (Bieniawska et al., 2007). It is a major end product of photosynthesis and functions as a primary transport sugar and in some cases as a direct or indirect regulator of gene expression. doi: 10.1104/pp.103.033167, Kumar, S., Stecher, G., and Tamura, K. (2016). (1999). doi: 10.1023/A:1006199003756, Subbaiah, C. C., Palaniappan, A., Duncan, K., Rhoads, D. M., Huber, S. C., and Sachs, M. M. (2006). Sucrose synthase activity does not restrict glycolysis in roots of transgenic potato plants under hypoxic conditions. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msw054, Kumutha, D., Sairam, R. K., Ezhilmathi, K., Chinnusamy, V., and Meena, R. C. (2008). SuSy proteins have also been detected in citrus (Citrus paradisi) and maize phloem companion cells using immunohistological analysis (Nolte and Koch, 1993). hexoses. Lysine-containing proteins in maize endosperm: a major contribution from cytoskeleton-associated carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes. Plant Physiol. A cell wall-associated SuSy was also observed in tobacco pollen tubes using immunolocalization (Persia et al., 2008). Molecular characteristics of sucrose synthase isolated from bird cherry leaves. doi: 10.1093/aob/mci220, Hardin, S. C., Tang, G. Q., Scholz, A., Holtgraewe, D., Winter, H., and Huber, S. C. (2003). There is also sufficient evidence for the localization of SuSy to xylem tissues. 81, 175–181. Two maize SuSy isoforms, SUS1 and SH1, were detected in mitochondria using fractionation and immunolabeling and it was suggested that they may play a role in regulating solute fluxes between the mitochondria and cytosol (Subbaiah et al., 2006). The occurrence of strong end-product inhibition appears to be correlated with high acid-invertase activity in fully expanded leaves. Sucrose synthase localizes to cellulose synthesis sites in tracheary elements. Interestingly, the mutation did not appear to affect the plant’s symbiotic relationship with arbuscular mycorrhizae (Yarnes and Sengupta-Gopalan, 2009). Seven SUS genes have been identified in cotton (Gossypium arboreum) (Chen et al., 2012), bamboo (Bambusa emeiensis) (Huang et al., 2018) and Nicotiana tomentosiformis (Chen et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2015; Huang et al., 2018). Plant Mol. Plant Biotechnol. Glucose and mannose regulate the expression of a major sucrose synthase gene in Arabidopsis via hexokinase-dependent mechanisms. In maize, the shrunken (sh) mutant is characterized by a 90% reduction in endosperm SuSy activity, low seed weight and a shrunken-seed phenotype (Chourey and Nelson, 1976). Biophys. Sucrose is made by binding glucose with fructose. Plant Growth Regul. Use of the rice sucrose synthase-1 promoter to direct phloem-specific expression of beta-glucuronidase and snowdrop lectin genes in transgenic tobacco plants. Ricinus communis ( Geigenberger et al., 2012 ) K. 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